Volume 5, Issue 1 (March 2023)                   IEEPJ 2023, 5(1): 101-117 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Abbasi M, Saberi H, Taheri A. (2023). Developing a Structural Model of Pain Perception based on Early Maladaptive Schemata Mediated by Cognitive Emotion Regulation in people with Chronic Pain. IEEPJ. 5(1), 101-117. doi:10.52547/ieepj.5.1.101
URL: http://ieepj.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-410-en.html
1- Department of Psychology, Rudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran
2- Department of Psychology, Rudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran , h.saberi@riau.ac.ir
Abstract:   (1708 Views)
Chronic pain affects the type of thinking, function and feeling of the individual and causes various limitations in the person's life.  This study aimed at developing a structural model of pain perception based on early maladaptive schemata mediated by emotion regulation in people with chronic pain. Method: The research method was descriptive correlation and the statistical population included all patients who referred to pain clinics in Tehran in 2020 from which 300 people (175 females and 125 males) were selected by convenience sampling method. They responded to the Granfsky and Craig (2006) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaires, Young's Early maladaptive Schema (1991), and the Visual Pain Scale. The research data were analyzed by structural equation modelling and hierarchical regression analysis. Findings showed that 1) Direct path coefficient between maladaptive schema and negative (β =0.559) and positive (β =-0.333) emotion regulation strategies was significant (P<.01). 2) The direct path coefficient between the maladaptive schema and pain perception was significant (P<.01). 3) The direct path coefficient between negative emotion regulation strategies and pain perception (β =0.107) was not significant (P>0.5), but the direct path coefficient between positive strategies for negative emotion regulation and pain perception (β =-0.115) was significant (P<.05). It was also found that the moderating role of gender in the relationship between negative and positive emotion regulation strategies with pain perception was not significant (P>.05. 4) The indirect path coefficient between maladaptive schemata and pain perception in patients with chronic pain was significant (β =.098,P<.01).   Conclusion: People's tendency to use positive or negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies can be a determining factor in the relationship between maladaptive schemata and chronic pain perception.
Full-Text [PDF 398 kb]   (500 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Original | Subject: Evolutionary Psychology
Received: 2021/10/27 | Accepted: 2022/01/15 | Published: 2023/03/1

References
1. Abdolghadery, M., Kafee, M., Saberi, A., & Aryapouran, S. (2014). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) on Decreasing Pain, Depression and Anxiety of Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain [Original article]. The Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 21(6), 795-807. http://jssu.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-2533-fa.html
2. Albkel, Z. (2016). Comparison of problem solving styles, feelings of cohesion and incompatible schemas in divorced women on the verge of divorce and marriage in Ahvaz Islamic Azad University ]. Ahvaz.
3. Ariavand, R. (2019). Investigating the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between control source and pain intensity in people with chronic pain Kharazmi University]. Tehran.
4. Asadi Majareh, S., & Sepehrian Azar, F. (2018). Evaluating the role of anxiety model in pain perception in chronic pain Patients with Generalized anxiety syndrome [Applicable]. Anesthesiology and Pain, 8(4), 1-14. http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5351-fa.html
5. Bahrami, A., Mohagheghi, H., & Yaghubi, A. (2017). The Effect of Instructing Negative Emotion Management Skills on the Parents' Anxiety Thoughts with Autistic Children. Clinical Psychology Studies, 7(26), 133-147. [DOI:10.22054/jcps.2017.7395]
6. Balsamo, M., Carlucci, L., Sergi, M. R., Klein Murdock, K., & Saggino, A. (2015). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between co-rumination and depression in young adults. PLoS One, 10(10), e0140177. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0140177]
7. Besharat, M. A., KHalili, M., Reza zadeh, S. M. R., & Hosseini, S. A. (2017). The mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and alexithymia. Psychological Methods and Models, 8(29), 183-206. http://jpmm.miau.ac.ir/article_2561_c616861033870930ad7ce62022ad492f.pdf
8. Divandari, H., Ahi, G., Akbari, H., & Mahdian, H. (2009). The young schema questionnaire - short form (sq-sf): Investigation psychometric properties and factor structure between students in islamic azad university, kashmar branch. PAZHOUHESH-NAMEYE TARBIATI, 5(20), 103-133. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=188803
9. Ebrahimi, Z., Asadi majareh, S., Akbari, B., & Naderi Nabi, b. (2017). The relationship between Alexithymia and Emotion Dysregulation with quality of life in Patients with chronic pain [Applicable]. Anesthesiology and Pain, 8(3), 1-11. http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5343-fa.html
10. Elder, N. C., Simmons, T., Regan, S., & Gerrety, E. (2012). Care for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain with and without chronic opioid prescriptions: a report from the Cincinnati Area Research Group (CARinG) Network. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 25(5), 652-660. [DOI:10.3122/jabfm.2012.05.120032]
11. Filkowski, M. M., Olsen, R. M., Duda, B., Wanger, T. J., & Sabatinelli, D. (2017). Sex differences in emotional perception: meta analysis of divergent activation. Neuroimage, 147, 925-933. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.016]
12. Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006a). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1045-1053. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010]
13. Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006b). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1659-1669. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.009]
14. Gatchel, R. J., Peng, Y. B., Peters, M. L., Fuchs, P. N., & Turk, D. C. (2007). The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions. Psychological bulletin, 133(4), 581-624. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581]
15. Gilam, G., Gross, J. J., Wager, T. D., Keefe, F. J., & Mackey, S. C. (2020). What is the relationship between pain and emotion? Bridging constructs and communities. Neuron, 107(1), 17-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.024]
16. Golabi, N., Abdollahi, M., & Shahgholian, M. (2020). The relationship between Emotion Regulation and Metacognitive Beliefs Regarding Pain Management in Patient with Chronic Headache. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 14(1), 61-70. [DOI:10.22070/14.1.61]
17. Grégoire, S., Lachance, L., & Taylor, G. (2015). Mindfulness, mental health and emotion regulation among workers. International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(4), 96-119. [DOI:10.5502/ijw.v5i4.444]
18. Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current directions in psychological science, 10(6), 214-219. [DOI:10.1111/1467-8721.00152]
19. Haj Hosseinpour, M. (2018). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas, emotional distress tolerance, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and generalized anxiety in patients with and without chronic pain and diabetic patients referred to medical centers in Mashhad Urmia University]. Urmia.
20. Hawker, G. A., Mian, S., Kendzerska, T., & French, M. (2011). Measures of adult pain: Visual analog scale for pain (vas pain), numeric rating scale for pain (nrs pain), mcgill pain questionnaire (mpq), short‐form mcgill pain questionnaire (sf‐mpq), chronic pain grade scale (cpgs), short form‐36 bodily pain scale (sf‐36 bps), and measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (icoap). Arthritis care & research, 63(S11), S240-S252. [DOI:10.1002/acr.20543]
21. Heshmati, R. (2016). Predicting of chronic pain based on early maladaptive schema [Original]. Anesthesiology and Pain, 7(3), 49-60. http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5292-fa.html
22. Hinze, V., Ford, T., Evans, R., Gjelsvik, B., & Crane, C. (2021). Exploring the relationship between pain and self-harm thoughts and behaviours in young people using network analysis. Psychological medicine, 1-10. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291721000295]
23. Hosseini, M., Mehrabi, A., Shahbazi, S., & Hooshyar, S. (2015). Investigating the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and emotional self-regulation with pain dimensions 2nd International Conference on Humanities, Psychology and Social Sciences, Tehran.
24. Khani, Z., Besharat, M., & Farahani, H. (2020). The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation in the Relationship Between Maladaptive Schemas and Anxiety Symptoms. Journal of Developmental Pschology, 17(66), 117-130.
25. Kline, R. B. (1998). Structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
26. Krishnan, A., Woo, C.-W., Chang, L. J., Ruzic, L., Gu, X., López-Solà, M., . . . Wager, T. D. (2016). Somatic and vicarious pain are represented by dissociable multivariate brain patterns. elife, 5, e15166. [DOI:10.7554/eLife.15166]
27. Linton, S. J., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2014). A hybrid emotion-focused exposure treatment for chronic pain: a feasibility study. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 5(3), 151-158. [DOI:10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.05.008]
28. Lotfi, R. (2006). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas in patients with dyslexia and healthy individuals Al-Zahra University]. Tehran.
29. Mackey, S., & Kao, M.-C. (2019). Managing twin crises in chronic pain and prescription opioids. BMJ, 364, 917-918. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.l917]
30. Mansourifar, S., Jamalouei, H. R., Hassan, S. M., & Dehkordi, E. (2021). Modeling structural relationships of with perceived pain life in inflammatory bowel patients (IBD). Journal of anesthesiology and pain, 12(1), 55-67.
31. McCracken, L. M., & Keogh, E. (2009). Acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action may counteract fear and avoidance of emotions in chronic pain: an analysis of anxiety sensitivity. The Journal of Pain, 10(4), 408-415. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.09.015]
32. Mendelson, G., & Selwood, T. S. (1981). Measurement of chronic pain: A correlation study of verbal and nonverbal scales. Journal of behavioral assessment, 3(4), 263-269. [DOI:10.1007/BF01350830]
33. Michalek, J. E., Lisi, M., Awad, D., Hadfield, K., Mareschal, I., & Dajani, R. (2021). The effects of a reading-based intervention on emotion processing in children who have suffered early adversity and war related trauma. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 1-18. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.613754]
34. Moradifar, M. (2013). Evaluation of psychometric properties of McGill pain questionnaire according to life expectancy in patients with coronary heart disease Islamic Azad University]. Tehran.
35. Mostafaie, A., Zare, H., Alipour, A., & Farzad, V. (2017). Appraisal of Effectiveness and Comparison of Cognitive Therapy Based on Meta-Theoretical Models and Meta-Cognitive Therapy on Thought Control and Reducing the Pain in Patients Suffering from Chronic Pain. Journal of clinical psychology, 9(2), 83-96. [DOI:10.22075/jcp.2017.10308.]
36. Nabipour, M. (2019). Comparison of personality traits, early maladaptive schemas and perceived social support in patients with chronic joint pain and normal individuals Islamic Azad University]. Marvdasht.
37. Naylor, B., Boag, S., & Gustin, S. M. (2017). New evidence for a pain personality? A critical review of the last 120 years of pain and personality. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 17(1), 58-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.07.011]
38. NeshatDoost, H. T., yousefzadeh, m., Hashemi, M., Talebi, H., Taheri, M., & Momenzadeh, S. (2020). Compare the Effectiveness of Cognitive- Behavior Therapy and Schema Therapy on reducing the cognitive error of pain catastrophizing and increase of pain self- efficacy in Tehranian Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain [Original]. Anesthesiology and Pain, 11(2), 26-43. http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5444-fa.html
39. Pahlevan, M., Besharat, M. A., Borjali, A., & Farahani, H. (2019). Predicting the Intensity of Pain in Patients With Chronic Pain Based on Alexithymia: The Mediating Role of the Behavioral Inhibition System [Original Research]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 56-71. [DOI:10.32598/ijpcp.25.1.56]
40. Parra-Delgado, M., & Latorre-Postigo, J. M. (2013). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A randomised trial. Cognitive therapy and research, 37(5), 1015-1026. [DOI:10.1007/s10608-013-9538-z]
41. Pitcher, M. H., Von Korff, M., Bushnell, M. C., & Porter, L. (2019). Prevalence and profile of high-impact chronic pain in the United States. The Journal of Pain, 20(2), 146-160. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.006]
42. Rezaee, Z., & Fath, N. (2020). Mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between alexithymia, pain perception and perceived social support in patient with chronic pain. Psychological Methods and Models, 11(40), 27-40. http://jpmm.miau.ac.ir/article_4393_4526e41b9e281ebdbb56e7a3f47bd16d.pdf
43. Sadeghi Mazidi, S. (2014). Evaluation of the effectiveness of stress coping skills training and emotion regulation training on reducing pain and improving the quality of life of women with chronic low back pain Payame Noor University]. Tehran.
44. Salmanzadeh Daz Miri, F. (2017). Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Regulation Strategies with Negative Spontaneous Thoughts and Early maladaptive Schemas in Students of Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch Islamic Azad University]. Behshahr Branch.
45. Salomons, T. V., Nusslock, R., Detloff, A., Johnstone, T., & Davidson, R. J. (2014). Neural emotion regulation circuitry underlying anxiolytic effects of perceived control over pain. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 27(2), 222-233. [DOI:10.1162/jocn_a_00702]
46. Samari, A. (2021). Structural modeling of pain perception in people with chronic pain syndrome based on behavioral inhibition system: mediated by pain catastrophe and perceived social support. Anesthesiology and Pain, 12(2), 19-31.
47. Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive therapy and research, 19(3), 295-321. [DOI:10.1007/BF02230402]
48. Sepehri, M., & Kiani, Q. (2020). The Relationship between Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Addiction Tendency: The Mediating Roles of Social and Emotional Loneliness and Early Maladaptive Schemas [Research]. Research on Addiction, 14(56), 313-338. [DOI:10.29252/etiadpajohi.14.56.313]
49. Shafiei, E., Fakharian, E., Omidi, A., Akbari, H., & Delpisheh, A. (2016). Comparison of emotion regulation problems in mild traumatic brain injured patients and normal people. JOURNAL OF ILAM UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 23(7), 132-143. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=540983
50. Shajari, A. (2018). The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in relation to early maladaptive schemas and psychological distress Kharazmi University]. Tehran.
51. Sobhani Fard, M. (2018). The effectiveness of schema therapy on early maladaptive schemas, anxiety sensitivity, perceived stress in glass addicted women with chronic pain and depressive symptoms Payame Noor University]. Golestan Province.
52. Srisopa, P., Cong, X., Russell, B., & Lucas, R. (2021). The Role of Emotion Regulation in Pain Management Among Women From Labor to Three Months Postpartum: An Integrative Review. Pain Management Nursing, 22(6), 783-790. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmn.2021.05.011]
53. Stroemel-Scheder, C., Kundermann, B., & Lautenbacher, S. (2020). The effects of recovery sleep on pain perception: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 113, 408-425. [DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.028]
54. Tobimatsu, S. (2021). Understanding cortical pain perception in humans. Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, 9(1), 24-29. [DOI:10.1111/ncn3.12378]
55. Wang, X.-q., Mokhtari, T., Zeng, Y.-x., Yue, L.-p., & Hu, L. (2021). The distinct functions of dopaminergic receptors on pain modulation: A narrative review. Neural Plasticity, 2021, 1-11. [DOI:10.1155/2021/9942537]
56. Yazdanfar, M., Manshaee, G., & Ghamarani, A. (2020). The effectiveness of treatment based on the model of emotional regulation strategies on pain anxiety in patients with arthriticrheumatoid disease [Original]. Anesthesiology and Pain, 11(3), 43-56. http://jap.iums.ac.ir/article-1-5512-fa.html
57. Yazdi-Ravandi, S., Taslimi, Z., Saberi, H., Shams, J., Osanlo, S., Nori, G., & Haghparast, A. (2013). The role of resilience and age on quality of life in patients with pain disorders. Basic and clinical neuroscience, 4(1), 24-30.
58. Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2006). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. guilford press.
59. Zabihollahzadeh, F., Rashvand, P., & Nemattavousi, M. (2019). Comparing early maladaptive schemas, emotional regulation and coping strategies in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy people [Analysis]. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal(RRJ), 8(4), 93-100. http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-1204-fa.html
60. Zarei Todeshki, S. (2018). A comparative study of the feeling of control over health, pain intensity and type of schema in three groups of women with breast cancer in the early diagnosis stage, metastasis stage and healthy women aged 35 to 55 years in Tehran Payame Noor University]. Tehran.

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.